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高中英语新教材

课文教学参考资料与素材

人教版必修1

—Welcome Unit—

◎配合教材第6页使用◎

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【教材原文】

Discovering Useful Structures

Analyse basic sentence structures

S (subject)  V (verb)  O (object) P (predicative) A (adverbial)

DO (direct object) IO (indirect object) C (object complement)

【教材翻译】

S (主语)  V (动词)  O (宾语) P (表语)   A (状语)

DO (直接宾语)   IO (间接宾语)  C (宾语补足语)

【语言知识】

提示：虽然高考不会直接考查句子结构，但是学会分析句子结构，对于学好英语语法（掌握遣词造句的方法与规律）和分析英语长难句都非常有帮助，所以，学生不可认为其不重要而轻视它。

【教材原文】

1 Study the sentence structures.

SV: All of us laughed.

SVO: I miss my grandma.

SP: The teacher was kind and friendly.

S V IO DO: He told us a funny story.

SVOC: I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful.

SVA: He talked too much.

SVOA: I had my first maths class at senior high school.

There be…: There’s a lot to explore at senior high.

【教材翻译】

1 研究句子结构。

主语+动词：All of us laughed. 我们都笑了。

主语+动词+宾语：I miss my grandma. 我想念我的奶奶。

主语+表语：The teacher was kind and friendly. 老师和蔼可亲。（表语前需有系动词）

主语+动词+间宾+直宾：He told us a funny story. 他给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

主语+动词+宾语+宾补：I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful. 我发现我的大多数同学和老师都很友好和乐于助人。

主+动词+状语：He talked too much. 他说得太多了。

主语+动词+宾语+状语：I had my first maths class at senior high school. 我上了读高中时的第一节数学课。

存在句（There be…）：There’s a lot to explore at senior high. 上高中有很多要探索的东西。

【语言知识】

1. 主语+动词+宾语：I miss my grandma. 我想念我的奶奶。

对于“动词+宾语”结构，如果动词受到程度副词的修饰，副词通常应放在动词之前或“动词+宾语”之后，而不宜放在“动词”与“宾语”之间。如：

正：I very much miss my grandma. 我非常想念我的奶奶。

正：I miss my grandma very much. 我非常想念我的奶奶。

误：I miss very much my grandma. 我非常想念我的奶奶。

2.主语+动词+间宾+直宾：He told us a funny story. 他给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

动词后接的间接宾语和直接宾语，通常称为“双宾语”，间接宾语通常指人，直接宾语通常指物，其基本结构为“动词+sb+sth”，若双宾语易位，通常需借助介词to或for来引出间接宾语。如：

He told us a funny story. 他给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

=He told a funny story to us. 他给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

(1) 双宾语易位时需用介词 to 来引出间接宾语的常用动词有：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, return, read, send, show, tell, write等。如：

I gave a book to him. / I gave him a book). 我给了他一本书。

Could you lend your bike to me? / Could you lend me your bike? 请借你的自行车给我好吗?

(2) 双宾语易位时需用介词 for 来引出间接宾语的常用动词有：buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等。如：

She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。

He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。

3. 主语+动词+宾语+宾补：I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful. 我发现我的大多数同学和老师都很友好和乐于助人。

动词后接的“宾语+宾补”通常称为“复合宾语”。注意不要混淆“双宾语”与“复合宾语”，两者的主要区别是：复合语之间具有逻辑上的“主表”关系（即“宾语”属于逻辑上的主语，“宾补”属于逻辑上的表语），但“双宾语”之间是没有这逻辑上的主表关系的。比如：

He gave me a dog. 他给我一条狗。（双宾语）

He called me a dog. 他叫我叫狗。（复合宾语）

4.存在句（There be…）：There’s a lot to explore at senior high. 上高中有很多要探索的东西。

(1) 存在句的概念：there be句型，也叫存在句。所谓存在句，就是指表示某处存在有某人或某物的一类句型，这类句型的典型结构是there be…这类表达，所以存在句在通常情况下指的就是there be句型。如：

There is a garden at the back of the house. 房子背后有一座花园。

There are fewer boys than girls in my class. 我班上男生比女生少。

there be句型中的there为引导词，无词义；be为谓语动词，根据情况可以有单复数的变化，也可以有不同的时态变化；there be后面的名词为句子主语。

(2) 存在句的主谓一致：若there be只有一个主语，谓语的数则取决于该主语的数；若有几个主语并列，则通常是与靠近的主语保持一致。如：

There is a bus stop close to the school. 在学校附近有一个公共汽车站。

There are hairs on your jacket. 你的上衣上有几根头发。

There is a pen and some books on the desk. 桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。

(3) 存在句的时态问题：there be结构的时态由其中的谓语动词be来体现，它可以有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时以及过去完成时等多种时态形式。如：

There was a hospital nearby. 附近有一家医院。

There has been no rain this week. 这个星期一直没下雨。

There will be something you can enjoy. 会有你喜欢的东西。

(4) 存在句连用情态动词：there be结构有时可以与情态动词连用，此时情态动词应放在there与be之间。如：

There must be a mistake. 一定是弄错了。

There can’t be anyone waiting outside. 不会有人在外面等候。

There might still be hope. 可能还有希望。

(5) 存在句的否定式：there be结构的否定式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后。如：

There is not any bread left. 没有一点面包了。

There isn’t anything I can do for you. 我帮不了你什么忙。

若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将否定词置于助动词与情态动词之后。如：

There can’t be so many mistakes. 不可能有那么多错误。

There shouldn’t be any doubt about it. 对此不应有什么怀疑。

There haven’t been any parties in weeks. 好几个礼拜没开过晚会了。

(6) 存在句的疑问式：there be结构的疑问式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后。如：

Is there any good film on? 映什么好电影吗?

Is there room for me in the car? 车子里还有我坐的地方吗?

Are there any letters for me? 有我的信吗?

若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将助动词或情态动词移至句首构成疑问式。如：

Has there been an accident? 出事了吗?

Have there been any new developments? 有什么新的发展吗?

Can there have been so much rain there？那儿会下过那么多雨吗？

(7) 存在句的变体：there be句型有时可以其他一些变体，即将其中的动词be换成 come, follow, live, remain, seem, stand等不及物动词。如：

There came a stranger into the room. 房里进来了一个陌生人。

There followed an uncomfortable silence. 接着是一阵令人难以忍受的沉默。

Once upon a time there lived a king in China. 从前，在中国有一个国王。

There remains one matter still to be discussed. 有一个问题尚待讨论。

(8) 存在句的非谓语形式：there be结构的非谓语形式有两种，即there being和there to be。其中的there being结构在句子中主要用作状语或介词宾语。如：

There being nothing to do, I went to bed. 因为没事可做，所以我就上床睡觉了。

What’s the chance of there being an election this year? 今年举行选举的可能性有多大?

而 there to be 结构则主要用作动词like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider 等的宾语。如：

I don’t want there to be any more trouble. 我不想再有任何麻烦了。

Students hate there to be too much homework. 学生讨厌做太多的家庭作业。

We expect there to be more discussion about this. 我们期望能对此展开更多的讨论。

【教材原文】

2 Read the sentences and analyse the structures.

EXAMPLE: We (S) laughed (V).

1 The 100-year-old school lies in the centre of the city.

2 We must act.

3 The maths homework looks easy.

4 The teacher found the classroom empty.

5 My mum bought me a new dictionary.

6 Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.

7 There is an English Corner at our school.

8 We had chemistry in the newly built lab.

【教材翻译】

2 读句子，并分析句子结构。

示例：我们（主语）笑了（动词）。

1 这所拥有 100 年历史的学校位于市中心。

2 我们必须行动起来。

3 数学作业看起来很简单。

4 老师发现教室是空的。

5 我妈妈给我买了一本新词典。

6 汤姆期待见到新来的交换生。

7 我们学校有一个英语角。

8 我们在新建的实验室里上化学课。

【语言知识】

1 The 100-year-old school lies in the centre of the city.

(1) 句子结构分析：SVA（主语+动词+状语）

(2) 100-year-old 为复合形容词，在句子中用于名词前作定语（不用作表语），其中的 year 总是用单数（不能用复数）。又如：

She has a ten-year-old son. 她有个10岁的儿子。

Mary drove. Her ten-year-old daughter sat behind. 玛丽开车，她10岁的女儿坐在后面。

其中的名词除通常用year外，有时也可用month, week, day 等。如：

The three-day-old baby was sereiously ill. 这个出生只三天的婴儿病得很严重。

She has an eight-month-old daughter. 她有一个八个月大的女儿。

这类表达不仅用于人，有时也用于动物或事物。如：

a 150-year-old tree 一棵有150岁树龄的老树

a 15-year-old dog 一只活了 15 年的狗

a 500-year-old sword 一把500年历史的剑

a 500-year-old church 一座有500 年历史的教堂

some five-day-old food 一些放置了五天的食物

另外，这类复合形容词有时也用作名词（其复数形式在最后一个词加-s）。如：

I have two children, a 3-year-old and a 5-year-old. 我有两个孩子，一个3岁，一个5岁。

The game is suitable for six-year-olds. 这个游戏适合六岁的孩子玩。

2 We must act.

(1) 句子结构分析：SV（主语+动词）

(2) must 为情态动词，意思是“必须”，后接动词原形，根据语境的需要，也可以是动词的进行式和完成式。如：

They must be twins. 他们一定是双胞胎。(后接动词原形)

We must serve the people heart and soul. 我们必须全心全意地为人民服务。(后接动词原形)

You must be kidding! 你一定是在开玩笑吧！(后接进行式)

I must have added it up wrong, then. 那我一定是加错了。(后接完成式)

3 The maths homework looks easy.

(1) 句子结构分析：SP（主语+表语）（表语前需有系动词）

(2) 教材上说的“主表”其实就是我们平常说的“主系表”。

(3) 英语常见系动词分类：

①状态系动词：用来表示主语的状态，只有be一词。如：

He was famous as a scholar. 作为一位学者他很有名。

We are anxious about his safety. 我们为他的安全而忧虑。

②持续系动词：用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand等。如：

Would you please keep silent a minute? 可以请你安静一下吗?

This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。

③表像系动词：用来表示“看起来像”这样的意思，主要有seem, appear, look等。如：

He seems to be asleep. 他似乎睡着了。

It appears a true story. 这似乎是一个真实的故事。

He looks like my brother. 他看上去好像我的哥哥。

④感官系动词：用于表示感官的感受，主要有feel, smell, sound, taste等。如：

The rose smells sweet. 玫瑰花香。

The cloth feels soft. 这布摸上去很柔软。

This coffee tastes bitter. 这种咖啡味道苦。

The idea sounds interesting. 这个想法听起来很有趣。

⑤变化系动词：用于表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等。如：

The affair becomes serious. 事态变得严重了。

As he grows older, he grows wiser. 他年纪越大越有智慧。

Leaves turn brown in autumn. 叶子一到秋天就黄了。

Her hair is going grey. 她的头发日见花白。

The well ran dry. 井干涸了。

It’s getting late. 时间不早了。

⑥终止系动词：这类系动词主要有prove, turn out等，用于表示“证实”“变成”等意思。如：

The article has proved most useful. 结果证明这篇文章很有用。

The examination turned out quite easy. 结果考试相当容易。

4 The teacher found the classroom empty.

(1) 句子结构分析：SVOC（主语+动词+宾语+宾补）

(2) 英语通常可接形容词作宾补的动词有believe, consider, cut, declare, feel, find, keep, leave, paint, prefer, suppose, think, want, wish 等。

I believe him honest. 我相信他是诚实的。

Do you consider that important? 你认为这重要吗？

The mayor declared the exhibition open. 市长宣布展览会开幕。

I prefer my tea strong. 我喜欢喝浓茶。

He held his head high. 他高昂着头。

I found the book easy. 我觉得这书读起来比较容易。

He felt the plan unwise. 他感觉这计划不明智。

You need to cut it open. 你需要把它切开。

She had supposed him very rich. 她原以为他很有钱。

I want it ready tonight. 我希望今晚这东西准备好。

They wished him dead. 他们愿他死了。

5 My mum bought me a new dictionary.

(1) 句子结构分析：S V IO DO（主语+动词+间宾+直宾）

(2) 动词 buy 后接双宾语时，若双宾语易位，习惯上用介词 for 来引出间接宾语。如：

My mum bought me a new dictionary.= My mum bought a new dictionary for me. 我妈妈给我买了一本新词典。

前面已有归纳，双宾语易位时需用介词 for 来引出间接宾语的常用动词有buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, spare 等。如：

Who cooks me the food? =Who cooks the food for me? 谁给我煮这食物？

Can you spare me a ticket? = Can you spare a ticket for me? 能让给我一张票吗?

Can you find me a hotel?=Can you find a hotel for me? 你能给我找一家旅馆吗？

6 Tom is looking forward to meeting the new exchange student.

(1) 句子结构分析：SVO（主语+动词+宾语）

(2) 句中的动词是 look forward to，注意其中的 to 是介词，后面接动名词作宾语。

有关look forward to的详细用法，请参见：

https://www.cpsenglish.com/article/462

7 There is an English Corner at our school.

(1) 句子结构分析：There be+主语+状语

(2) 有关 there be 句式的相关用法，请参见前面的归纳。

8 We had chemistry in the newly built lab.

(1) 句子结构分析：SVA（主语+动词+状语）

(2) 句中的 newly 为副词，修饰过去分词 built，newly built 的意思是“新建的”。如：

He works at a newly built factory. 他在一家新建的工厂工作。

更多相关例句：

They are a newly married couple. 他们是新婚夫妇。

That is a newly acquired habit. 那个习惯最近才养成。

【教材原文】

3 Read the passage and analyse the structures of the underlined sentences.

How would you like to go to school and travel the world at the same time? For Tim, that dream has come true! This term, Tim and his classmates are living on a ship! They take the same subjects as you do, like maths and English. They also learn about ships and the sea. Tim writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship. Tim loves living on the ship. There's always something exciting to do. And, after a long day of study, he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out. Studying and doing homework seem much fun when you are at sea!

【教材翻译】

3 阅读短文，分析划线句子的结构。

你想如何做到既上学同时又环游世界？对蒂姆来说，这个梦想实现了！这个学期，蒂姆和他的同学们住在船上！他们跟你学一样科目，比如数学和英语。他们还学到了船舶和海洋方面的知识。蒂姆每周给父母写一封电子邮件，告诉他们船上发生的事情。蒂姆喜欢住在船上。总有一些令人兴奋的事情要做。而且，学习一整天之后，他喜欢观看日落并等星星出来。当你生活在海上时，学习和做作业似乎都很有趣！

【语言知识】

1. How would you like to go to school and travel the world at the same time?

(1) 这里的 How would you like to do sth? 可作为句型来学习，它在此表示方式，意思是“你想如何做某事”，所以本句的意思是“你想如何做到既上学同时又环游世界？再如：

How would you like to cook the fish? 你想要如何煮这鱼？

How would you like to go, by plane or by train? 你想要怎么去，坐飞机还是火车？

有关How would you like to do sth的用法归纳，请参见：

https://www.cpsenglish.com/question/52690

How would you like to do sth 可视为句式来学习，在口语中主要有两个用法：

(1) 表示方式，意思是：你想如何做某事？

How would you like to pay, sir? 先生，您怎么付款？

How would you like to spend the rest of the day? 后半天你打算怎么过？

Yes, ma’am. How would you like to pay for this? 是的，太太。您打算怎样付款？

How would you like to pay for this? Cash or credit card? 是的，夫人，你愿意怎么付钱，现金还是信用卡？

(2) 表示邀请，意思是：你愿意做某事吗？

How would you like to come and work for me? 您愿意来为我工作吗？

How would you like to have tea at the Ritz? 你觉得到里茨餐厅去喝茶如何?

How would you like to go for a drink after work? 下班后去喝一杯怎么样？

How would you like to come and have dinner with us? 你来同我们一起吃饭怎样？

Yes, ma’am. How would you like to pay for this ? 是的，太太。您打算怎样付款？

How would you like to have dinner one night, just you and me?. 哪天晚上一起吃饭怎么样？就咱俩。

How would you like to come and spend a week with us next year? 明年来这儿同我们一起呆一个星期，你看怎么样?

How would you like to come over to us？You could double your salary within a year. 你愿不愿到我们这儿来？一年内你的工资就会加倍。

(2) at the same time 意思是“同时”。如：

I was frightened, but excited at the same time. 我很害怕，同时又很兴奋。

I was afraid of her, but at the same time I really liked her. 我害怕她，但同时也确实喜欢她。

She was driving, eating, and talking on the phone all at the same time. 她边开车边吃东西，同时还打着电话。

2. For Tim, that dream has come true!

(1) 句子结构分析：For Tim(状语), that dream(主语) has come(系动词) true(形容词作表语)!

(2) 句首的介词 for 表示“对……来说”，又如：

For me, music is a great source of enjoyment. 对我来说，音乐是快乐的重要源泉。

For him, the stage was just a way of earning a living. 对他来说，舞台只是一种谋生的手段。

For her, books were as necessary to life as bread. 对她来说，书就像面包一样是生活的必需。

For me, tennis is not just a sport, it’s a way of life. 对我来说，网球不只是一项运动，它也是一种生活方式。

3. This term, Tim and his classmates are living on a ship!

(1) 句子结构分析：This term(状语), Tim and his classmates(主语) are living(动词) on a ship(状语)!

(2) this term 作时间状语时，其前通常不用介词in，类似的表达如 this week, this month, this year等。如：

This term, we will have a new teaching plan. 这学期我们将有一个新的教学计划。

This week, Jim has the task of cleaning the blackboard. 这个星期吉姆值日擦黑板。

This year, Christmas falls on a Wednesday. 今年的圣诞节是个星期三。

4. They take the same subjects as you do, like maths and English.

(1) 从搭配上看，the same…as…可视为固定搭配；从语法上看，句中的 as 为关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰先行词 subjects。其中的 do 为代动词，用于替代take。又如：

I read the same books as you do. 我跟你读一样的书。

They do the same work as he does. 他们和他做同样的工作。

Sound travels in the same way as light does. 声音传播的方式与光相同。

I go to the same school as my brother does. 我和我的哥哥上相同的学校。

(2) 句中的 like 为介词，表示举例，意思是“例如”。如：

I asked a lot of people, like Mrs Green and Dr Smith. 我问过好些人，比如格林夫人和史密斯医生。

They enjoy most team games, like football and basketball. 大部分的集体运动他们都喜欢，比如足球和篮球。

She’s good at scientific subjects, like mathematics. 她理科学得好，例如数学。

I bought a lot of things, like books and clothes. 我买了很多东西，比如书和衣服。

5. They also learn about ships and the sea.

(1) 句子结构分析：They(主语) also learn about(带介词的短语动词) ships and the sea(宾语).

(2) learn sth 与 learn about sth 意思不同：前者的 sth 是动词 learn 的宾语，sth 直接用作动词 learn 的学习对象；learn about sth 中的 sth 其实是介词 about（关于）的宾语，learn about 的意思是“学习关于……的知识”。更多相关知识，请参考：

https://www.cpsenglish.com/question/52341

6. Tim writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship.

(1) 句子结构分析：Tim(主语) writes(动词) his parents(间接宾语) an email(直接宾语) every week(状语) and tells(动词) them(间接宾语) what happened on the ship(what引导宾语从句作直接宾语).

(2) write sb sth=write sth to sb。所以句中的 write his parents an email=write an email to his parents。又如：

Please write me the result.=Please write the result to me. 请把结果写给我。

He wrote her some letters.=He wrote some letters to her. 他给她写了几封信。

(3) tell sb sth=tell sth to sb。所以句中的 tells them what happened on the ship= tells what happened on the ship to them。又如：

Tell your parents the truth. = Tell the truth to your parents. 你要对父母讲实话。

Don’t tell anyone the secret. = Don’t tell the secret to anyone. 不要把这个秘密告诉任何人。

7. Tim loves living on the ship.

表示“喜欢”的动词love（以及它的同义词like）后接另一动词作宾语时，用不定式或动名词均可，且在意义上没有多大差别，所以上面一句也可说成：Tim loves to live on the ship.

再如：

Children love playing [to play]. 儿童爱玩。

I like walking [to walk] in the rain. 我喜欢在雨中行走。

不定式或动名词前可以有逻辑主语。如：

I don’t like you smoking [to smoke]. 我不喜欢你抽烟。

I love him reading [to read] to me in bed. 我喜欢在床上听他给我读点什么。

但是若与would, should 连用，表示“想要”“希望”等，其后通常只接不定式，而不接动名词；如果是表示过去未曾实现的想法，其后可接不定式的完成式。如：

I’d like [love] to use your phone. 我想借用一下你的电话。

I’d love [like] to have taken him round the factory, but I was too busy. 我本想带他去厂里看看，但我太忙了。

8. There’s always something exciting to do.

(1) 句子结构分析：There’s always something exciting to do. 本句为there be存在句，there 为虚主语，something句子真正的主语，形容词exciting是修饰不定代词something的，其后的不定式也是修饰不定代词something的。

(2) 句中的形容词 exciting 修饰不定代词 something，必须后置。根据英语语法，修饰something, anything, everything, nothing, everyone, anybody 等复合不定代词的形容词，必须后置。如：

This is something special. 这是一种特别的东西。

I’d like something cheaper. 我想买点较为便宜的东西。

Has anything special happened? 发生什么特别的事情了吗?

There is nothing wrong with it. 这没什么问题。

Anyone intelligent can do the work. 任何有头脑的人都能做这事。

有关形容词修饰复合不定代词的详细用法与举例，请参考：

https://www.cpsenglish.com/question/52691

9. And, after a long day of study, he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out.

(1) after a long day of study 意思是“学了整天之后”，其中的 study 是名词（不可数），也可将其用作动词而使用动名词 studying。又如：

We were really tired after a long day of work. 工作一整天后我们真的累坏了。

We were really tired after a long day of walking. (zn) 走了一整天后我们真的累坏了。

(2) 这里的 like to watch 也可换成 like watching（参见前面的有关说明）。

(3) watch the sun go down 意思是“观看太阳落山”，其中的动词 go down 为省略 to 的不定式，在此用作宾补。根据英语语法，当动词不定式用于watch后面作宾补时，不定式必须省略to。又如：

We watched the sun come up. 我们观看日出。

We watched them pass. 我们看着他们走过去。

I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。

同时注意watch后面也可接现在分词作宾补，它与省略to的不定式作宾语的区别是：用不定式表示动作的全过程，用现在分词表示动作在进行。如：

I watched him eating his breakfast. 我瞧着他吃早饭。

10. Studying and doing homework seem much fun when you are at sea!

(1) 句子结构分析：Studying and doing homework(主语) seem(系动词) much fun(表语) when you are at sea(状语从句)!

(2) Studying and doing homework为两个并列的动名词作主语，所以后面的谓语动词seem用的是复数。又如：

Reading and playing the piano are my favourite relaxations. 读书和弹琴是我最喜欢的娱乐活动。

(3) 句中的 fun 是名词，不可数，故用 much 修饰。又如：

It’s not much fun going to a party alone. 独自一人去参加聚会没什么意思。

This holiday isn’t much fun; we might as well be back home. 这个假日过得真没意思，我们还不如呆在家里。

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