who还是which
——关于2018年一道高考试题的刍议
■倪肖丁(西安)
2018年全国高考英语试卷(III)第61题(填空题)如下:I’m not sure _____ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
有不少老师和学生问:此空应填who还是which?
因为涉及高考这样的重要考试,我们对这个问题的回答以及相关的诠释应该采取比较严谨的态度进行具体的分析,以求得出相对客观的结论。
本文试从以下几个步骤进行仿真度逐步升高的分析:
【注】为了更具有针对性,下文的分析仅限于who和which单独使用,不涉及which of…或which修饰名词等其它用法。
1. 通常who用于不确定范围的语境,用于指人;which则用于确定范围的语境,用于指事物,也可用于指人。例如:
Who opened the window?
--We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want?
--I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter. (PEG)
CGOEL在谈到who和which用于指人时做了以下比较:
INDEFINITE: Who is your favourite conductor? (无限定范围:你最喜欢的导演是谁?)
DEFINITE: Which is your favourite conductor? (Von Karajan or Stokowsky?) (限定范围:哪个音乐指挥是你最喜欢的?冯卡拉扬还是斯托科夫斯基)
一般地讲,which意味着在一个有限选项范围内做出选择,即使这一范围在本句中没有出现。例如:
Which is the best English dictionary? (说话人心目中有若干可供选择的词典)
Which ocean are the Maldives in? (LGSWE) (全世界就这几个oceans)
正是CGOEL所讲到的上述一般规律,影响了众多的试题解析者。例如,北京曲一线图书策划有限公司微信公众号(6月9日)和新东方高考网(http://gaokao.xdf.cn/201605/10481254.html)提供的相关试题答案均为 which,并对此作了解析。但遗憾的是,他们的解析刻板地固守“有选择范围时用which”这一语法概念,并未顾及修辞(例如下文中在the female gorilla后的定语从句用who引导等),更不考查英语实际使用情况和习惯用法,因此有失偏颇。
2. 语言的多样性特点和英语语法学者的不同意见。
语言的用法因使用者的文化和生活背景以及语体的差别而具有灵活性、多样性的特点。所以CGOEL主笔Quirk同时指出:即使具有明确的范围,我们仍可以用who(和what)。例如:
Who/ Which do you like best -your father or your mother?
What/ Which will it be - tea or coffee?
(反之亦然,没有范围限定也可以用which。例如:After all, which American has not heard of someone who, a few days after his or her annual check-up, suffered a heart attack?)
CGEL持有与CGOEL完全相同的观点,并且也给出了明确范围内who与which均可使用的例句:
There are two contestants left, Kim and Pat. Which/Who do you think will win?
如此看来,在有选择范围时CGOEL和CGEL认为who可以替代which用于指人。
但Michael Swan却持有不同的意见。PEU明确指出,当疑问代词单用时如果指人,通常用who而非which。例如:
Who won - Smith or Fitzgibbon? (NOT Which won ... ?)
Who are you going out with ~ Lesley or Maria?
学者们的观点差异明显。
因为CGOEL和PEU的相关例句都有用or连接的后续选项,与上述2018年的高考试题结构类似。我们顺着这一线索发现,当具有X or Y这样的选项时,用who比较常见。例如:
OK. Who do you think understands your character better … your friends or your parents? (TETELT)
Who do you think “wins” the argument: Anita or Bara? (TS)
至此,初步的结论是:在两个选项均为人时用which还是who的问题上,语法学者的意见有分歧。从笔者查阅的情况看,用who较为常见,但不能排除用which。陆谷孙主编《英汉大词典》(2009)就有Which is taller, Tom or Dick?
另外,疑问代词的选用可能与选项的既有身份信息也有关系。当仅有人的外部特征而无身份信息时,该选型本身就具有了抽象性,这给which的使用提供了合理性。例如:
Which is your coach, the man in white, or ( the man) in yellow?
此句中的man本身因缺乏身份信息(比如姓名、职业、角色等)而具有抽象性。因此宜用which,相当于Which man is your coach? 如改用who则很不自然。
3. 高考试题中的第二选项是人称代词。在选项含有人称代词时,“人”的概念得以强化,身份更加明确,疑问代词who用起来更为自然。例如:
Who do you like best, me or Emily?' - `Oh, you, of course.' (CCEG)
'Who's going to drive, you or me?' 'I'd rather you drove.'(EGIU2012)
Who is taller, you or your sister? (EGUC)
We’ll see who is strongest, you or I. (EEG)
Who's the sick one, you or your son? (Fiction: Draft 31)
'Who's responsible for roof repairs - you or the landlord?' (LDCE 1996)
No. Just wondering who's the craftier. Him or me? " (Fiction:Sun Born)
"Who requested tonight's meeting?" Fache asked suddenly. "You or he?" (Fiction: The Da Vinci Code)
"Say, who's doing this you or I?" demanded Teddy in well-feigned indignation, and in a voice that was audible pretty much all over the tent. (Fiction:The Circus Boys Across The Continent)
显而易见,当两个选项都是人并含有人称代词时,人们普遍使用who,占有绝对优势。这一点似乎可以理解。汉语也有着类似的倾向:他和我,你选谁?这里的“谁”用的很自然。
但如果选项是一个人、一个物呢?美国《时代周刊》中有时用which,有时用who。例如:
Although I am only 25, I am wondering which will last longer, my TV or me? (Time 1984/09/10)
Who you gonna believe, me or your own eyes? (Time 2004/11/08)
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