Both children had on a new suit有没有错
——被忽视的分离性并列
■倪肖丁
费致德先生所著《现代英语惯用法词典》(商务印书馆1981)认为:Both children had on a new suit 明显是错的,因为 both 意为“两个都”,each 才表示两个或多个中的一个。所以句中的 Both children 应改为 Each child。
《现代英语惯用法词典》的所谓“明显是错的”究竟指什么,该书似乎语焉不详。但从其把Both children改为Each child,并指出“both意为“两个都”,each才表示两个或多个中的一个”的描述来看,我猜作者似乎认为both children与a new suit不匹配:前者是复数概念,后者是单数概念,难道两人共穿一套新衣?
本人就《现代英语惯用法词典》的上述原文的意思向同行进行求证,他们的看法与我的猜想一致。
如果我们的猜想没错,那么《现代英语惯用法词典》的这种担心完全是多余的,其对both的真实意义和用法的认知也是有问题的。
事实上,Both children had on a new suit这句话完全正确,无论在语法上还是在语义逻辑上都不存在任何问题。其意思也很明确,那就是:两个孩子各自都穿着新衣。不能(也不会)被理解为“两个孩子共穿一套新衣”。
例如,Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (1995,2001)有这样一个例句:
Both birds had a dark blue crest.
这句话当然不是说两只鸟共享一撮羽冠,而显然是各有其冠。因为此处的 both实际上有each of the two之意。
GCE和CGOEL均明确指出:John and Mary have won a prize这个句子是有歧义的:既可能是两人各自获得了一个奖,也可能是两人合作获得了一项奖。在缺乏上下文语境时,通常被理解为第二个意思。
但如果在句中添加了both(或者each),那么上述歧义就消失了,只能表示“两人各自获得了一个奖”。这是为什么呢?
原因在于both(以及each、respective和respectively等)是分离性并列(segregatory coordination)的标记。
所谓“分离性并列”,就是指两个(以上)并列的人物或事物具有“各自”之意。因此,Both John and Mary have won a prize与John and Mary each have won a prize意思相同,均表示“两人各自获得了一个奖”。
下面几个句子均含有分离性并列标志词both或each,所以毫无疑问地都表示两人各自获得了一项奖,亦即一共获得了两个奖(two prizes were won):
Both John and Mary have won a prize. ( = Both of them have won a prize.)(GCE)
John and Mary both have won a prize.
John and Mary have both won a prize.
John and Mary each have won a prize. (=Each of them has won a prize.)
John and Mary have each won a prize.
John and Mary have won a prize each.
PEU也有类似的论述,指出:Both means “each of two” 。所以,如果我的两个哥哥一起把钢琴抬上楼,就说My two brothers carried the piano upstairs,而不是Both my brothers carried the piano upstairs。因为后者用了分离性并列标志词both,这意味着两人各自分别把钢琴搬上楼。
CGEL也明确指出:Both students bought a present for the teacher意味着两个学生各自给老师买了一件礼物,所以two presents were bought for the teacher。
由此可知,《现代英语惯用法词典》的相关说法没有依据。Both children had on a new suit是完全正确的句子,意思与Each of the two children had on a new suit相同,无须做任何修改。
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