去年6月因为一个“改一般疑问句是否需要把and改为or”的问题，我在柯帕斯英语网（当时不叫这个名字）注册并询问了刘永科老师，刘老师也给予了回答。这个问题的背景是家里的孩子在外面某知名的英语辅导机构（不点名）上课时老师教的：“改一般疑问句要将肯定句中的and改为or”，当时我并没有多在意，因为我读书的时候老师也是这么教的，后来想想觉得跟我的认知有区别，所以就与“柯帕斯英语网”有了第一次接触。本人是个有点较真的理工男，我想从这个看似简单但不简单的问题简单说说造成这种误解可能的原因！

We sang all night.We danced all night.

We sang and danced all night.(合为一句)

When you are giving alternatives, you useor.

Serve fruit or cheese afterwards.

这些很好理解。至于还有一类表示“合为一整体的东西”，如：

bread and butter

hands and knees

knife and fork

cup and saucer

注意顺序不要反。

新概念英语第79课有这样一句：

Have we got any beer and wine?

注意这里用的是and而不是or，当然，改成or也行：

Have we got any beer or wine?

这两句的意思有区别，这个也比较好理解。

看这句：

----Would you like something to eat or drink？

----Yes—thanks, I'd like aglass of milk.

这句不是选择疑问句，而是一个带有升调的YES-NO QUESTION。

再比如：

Have you got any brothers or sisters? ~ Yes, I've got two sisters.

这也不是选择疑问句。是YES-NO QUESTION。

再一句：

----Would you like coffee or tea?

----Coffee, please.

这句是选择疑问句。

判断是YES-NO QUESTION还是选择疑问句主要听说话人发出的声调。（引自于An A-Z of English Grammar and Usage by Leech）

在否定句中and和or的使用就复杂些，涉及到否定范围的问题。Quirk举了一个经典的例子：

Don't drink and drive.

赵振才教授对这个问题描述的很详细。

简单举个例子：

An only child is a child who has no brothers or sisters.

John had no brothers or sisters and wasn't used to sharing.

I don’t have any brothers or sisters.

（or不可改成and）

在Quirk的另一书“A Student’s Grammar of the English language”中有这个例句：

Don’t argue and quarrel. = Don’t argue or quarrel.

他认为这两句意思一样，要注意。

个人认为，前面提到的“改一般疑问句要将肯定句中的and改为or”这种误解可能是和“否定句中and一般会被or替换”这种

说法混淆了。还有一种可能是与选择疑问句搞混淆。前面提到用or的疑问句不一定是选择疑问句，可能是YES-NO QUESTION。所以最好的办法是结合语境上下文去分析具体该怎么改！

接下来说说Do you have any brothers and/or sisters?

用and和or都是正确的英语，如下例证：

Have you got any brothers and sisters?(柯林斯高阶)

Do you have any brothers and sisters? (柯林斯高阶)

Do you have any brothers and sisters?(麦克米伦高阶)

Does she have any brothers and sisters? (牛津高阶第7版)

Do you have any brothers and sisters?  (牛津高阶第7版)

Do you have any brothers or sisters?  (牛津高阶第7，9版)

Do you have any brothers and sisters?  (Oxford American WordPower)

Do you have any brothers or sisters?  (Oxford American WordPower)

Do you have any brothers and sisters?(剑桥高阶双解)

Has he got any brothers or sisters? (剑桥高阶双解)

Do you have any brothers and sisters?(剑桥高阶第4版)

Does he have any sisters or brothers?(sisters放前面也可以，但是较少)

有用and，也有用or，是否有区别？

以下是摘自Essential English for Foreign Students. Book 1 by Eckersley：（两个人对话，之前LUCILLE提到过有个sister，所以下面例句用了other）

PEDRO: Have you any other sisters or brothers, Lucille? （注意sisters在前面，brothers在后面，直接have放开头，显得很正式，现在用的不多， have表示“有”，提问时最好需要助动词参与，或者用have got，见Swan），可换为：

Have you got any other sisters or brothers, Lucille?

Do you have any other sisters or brothers, Lucille?

LUCILLE: Yes, I have another sister, Marie, but I haven’t any brothers.

再看下面的对话：

----Does Max have any brothers or sisters?

----I’m not sure. I think he may have a younger sister.

----Do you have any brothers and sisters? /Have you got any brothers and sisters?

----Yes, I have one brother and two sisters.肯定回答

----No, I do not have any brothers or sisters. I am an only child.否定回答

----Do you have any brothers and sisters，Stephanie?

----No brothers. I wish I did, but I have got three sisters.

----Do you have any brothers or sisters，Bob?

----Just one—my sister, Anna.

----Do you have any brothers and sisters？

----Yes, I do. I have a sister.

----Do you have any brothers or sisters?

----Yes, I have one sister.

----Do you have any brothers or sisters?

----Yes, I have one brother and one sister.

----Do you have any brothers or sisters?

----No, I have no brothers or sisters.

个人觉得这里的brothers or sisters和brothers and sisters几乎没有差异。有人说这两种表达一种是美语，一种是英语，这个观点我没有找到佐证。也有人说用and表示“和”的关系，跟or还是有区别。我知道这些人的观点是什么意思。我们可以这么看：一般我们用or问对方是否有兄弟姐妹，我们一般关注的是把对方放在了“某个中间位置”，上有什么，下有什么；而我们用and问对方是否有兄弟姐妹是把对方及其兄弟姐妹看成一起了，并不强调对方处于“某个中间位置”。这样看的话那就几乎没区别了。

     最后说说without A and/or B的问题。这个问题网站上有人解答过。

葛老在其惯用法中也说过，这两种表达方式意思一样，因为葛老的这本书有些年代了，我不太放心，也不敢人云亦云，于是查找核实了一下。

我比较认可曾克辉老师的观点。

An only child is a child without brothers or sisters.（Eastwood，1994）

I'd hate to be an only child. (without brothers and sisters)（English Grammar Word by Word by Sylvia Chalker）

They have been forced to sleep in the open without food or warm clothing.柯林斯9版

The war has left half of the populace without food or water. 麦克米伦

They had endured three days without food or water. 麦克米伦

In the best of all possible worlds, no one would be without food and clean water. 韦氏高阶

Human beings cannot live without food and water.（The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language）

Without air and water no vegetation can exist.

The poor man went without food and shelter for several days.（Prepositions and Adverbial Particles by JB Heaton）

They went without food and water for two days.(Longman Dictionary of American English)

How long had the animals been without food or water?(Eastwood)

Three days without food or water had almost broken his spirit.(Book 3 by Eckersley)

Lucas 's soldiers had to go without food or water for several days.(Longman Language Activator)

After two days without food and water, Voss began to hallucinate. (Longman Language Activator)

The survivors did without food and fresh water for five days. （Prepositions and Adverbial Particles by JB Heaton）

You had to survive without food and water for several days.

我从上述例句中挑一例来说明这种很小的区别：

They have been forced to sleep in the open without food or warm clothing.这句说话人要表达的是他们被迫在露天睡觉，既没有食物又没有保暖的衣物，是既“没有……又没有……”的语境，一种很惨的状态，如果换成and的话，意思就有点怪，大家可以好好仔细体会一下。