亚里士多德一句名言的深度分析
刘 永 科
前不久,网络流行古希腊著名思想家、哲学家亚里士多德关于“是非论”的一句名言,难倒了不少喜欢钻研英语的学者,难点倒不是它的中文翻译,而是它的句子结构!其实,句子中没有一个偏难词汇,也非是多么深奥的道理,句子结构也确实貌似复杂。这句名言是:
To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true.
有现成的翻译,我直接引用过来:“非而是,是而非,为非;是而是,非而非,为是。”我认为,这个翻译非常好,非常准确。但问题是,为什么这样翻译?
至于中文翻译是否正确或准确,关键就是对句子结构的理解。下面我做一个详细剖析:
【句子结构分析】
1. 总体看,这是一个并列句,while是并列连词,表示对比或转折。这样,while前后是两个“表示对比的并列分句”。
两个并列分句结构相同,每个分句中的不定式也是并列的,第一个分句中的两个不定式,是由or连接,第二个分句中的两个不定式,是由and连接,所以,只需分析其中一个不定式就可以了。
2. 先看第一个分句:To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false. 这是一个主系表结构,动词不定式To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is是主语,is false为系表结构。
直观分析:
To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is,(主语) is (系动词)false(表语)
动词不定式作句子主语,是很常见的语言现象。例如:To study a foreign language is very important.
3. 我们分析To say of what is that it is not:
(1)say 是“说;说成”, that it is not是say的宾语从句。of what is是介词短语,of的意思是about(对于;关于),what is是名词性从句,意为“客观存在的事物”。what在这里不表示疑问,它是一个融合性关系代词。is是不及物动词,等于exsits的意思,what is等于what exsits(客观存在的事物)。that引导宾语从句,it is not等于it does not exisit。it指上文的what。
(2)关于介词短语of what is中的of,前面说过,它是about的意思。它跟say的关系是这样的,请看以下例句和讲解:
We say of an apple that it is round and red. 我们这样说一个苹果,它是圆的、红的。
(of an apple把谓语和宾语从句分隔开来。这句话等于说:About an apple, we say that it is round and red. )
I will say of Tom that he is a very good student. 说起汤姆来,我要说他是一个好学生。
(of Tom把谓语和宾语从句分隔开来。这句话等于说:About Tom, I will say that he is a very good student.)
我们回到讨论的句子:介词短语of what is 把say和宾语从句that it is not分隔开来。
To say of what is that it is not = About what exsits, to say that it doesn’t exsit
4. 在分析or of what is not that it is:
(1)or 后面省略了to say,补充完整:or to say of what is not that it is
(2)of what is not that it is,与前面的of what is that it is not,内容正好相反。
(3)or of what is not that it is = or about what doesn’t exisit, to say that it does
至此,第一分句已经分析完毕。我演绎一下这个句子:
About what exsits, to say that it doesn’t, or about what doesn’t exsit to say it does, is false.
【直译】对于存在的事物,说成不存在,或者对于不存在的事物,说成存在,那是错的。
关于第二分句:while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true. 根据前面的分析,该句等于:
while about what exsits, to say that it does, and about what doesn’t exsit, to say that it doesn’t, is true.
【直译】然而,对于存在的事物,说成存在,而且对于不存在的事物,说成不存在,那是对的。
以上两个分句的直译,现在应该还原到:“非而是,是而非,为非;是而是,非而非,为是。”
【问题讨论】
这句名言里面有一个关键词语,就是of what is,这也是问题的难点。有两个问题需要探讨和澄清:
1. of的意义和用法。
2. 介词短语of what is的位置问题。
【第一个问题】既然of是“关于;对于;涉及”的意思,那么,为什么不用about而用of?其实这个问题很简单,about 和of 两个词,相比起来of的字母少,音节也少,显得简练。此外,更重要的一点是,of更倾向跟表示“谈;论;说”的词语搭配,例如:
tell of:讲述
speak of:论及
talk of:谈论
boast of:吹嘘
complain of:抱怨
sing of:歌颂
warn sb. of sth.:告诫某人有关某事
inform sb. of sth.:通知某人有关某事
【第二个问题】原句中,of what is的位置给人造成理解错觉,它能不能放在句子的其他地方?说实话,这个介词短语的位置放在这里最佳。如果放在不定式to say前,那就造成语义割裂,语法结构似乎不允许;如果放在宾语从句that it is not之后,即:say that it is not of what is,会出现3个问题:
1. 让人误认为是of what is是is not的表语。
2. 由于of what is是about what exsits的意思,本来是修饰say的,放在宾语从句里面可能造成修饰上的错位。例如:
He said proudly that he had won first place.
显然,proudly是修饰said的,如果放在宾语从句后面,就是:
He said that he had won first place proudly.
这个句子,proudly是修饰said还是had won?这就是修饰语的错位会造成歧义。
3. 代词it指代what。what没有疑问之意,它引导名词性从句,本身具备名词作用。在语言的逻辑中,应该先说名词,后说代词。举个例子:My house is very big; I like it. 我们不能说It is very big; I like my house. 所以,若先说代词it,再说what,不合逻辑。
看来,of what is的位置,放在say之后最合适不过。
最后,再次回顾这句话:
To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true.
句子的重点和难点,主要表现在以下几个方面:
1. while 引导并列分句
2. 不定式作主语;
3. of的含义;
4. 表示存在的is,和用作系动词的is;
5. of what is的位置。
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