whomever还是whoever
■倪肖丁(西安)
《英语语法大全》(张道真,首都师范大学出版社2008)第552节有例句如下:
Give it to whomever ( =anyone whom) (not whoever) you like.(Whomever 作like 和to 的宾语)
上述句中的(not whoever)说明张道真教授否定了Give it to whoever you like。
但实际上,上句中用whoever取代whomever是完全正确的,而且更符合现代英语习惯用法。
whoever引导的名词性从句既可做主语,也可作宾语;而whoever在从句中同样既可做主语,也可作宾语。下面的例句与《英语语法大全》的例句结构完全一致,但都用了whoever。例如:
I'll marry whoever I like.(PEU)
Go ask whoever you want.(CCED)
You can have whoever you like to visit you. (CCED)
You may choose whoever you would like to represent you. (MED)
He can suit his conversation to whoever he's with. (OALD)
A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage指出:在从句中作主语用whoever,作宾语也可用whoever。例如ask whoever you see,ask whoever you speak to。但在从句中作宾语时也可以用whomever。
DCAU成书已有六十年。如果说当年ask whoever you see是可以接受,不必改用whomever,那么到了现在,whoever就全面取代了whomever。按PEU的说法就是:现代英语中whomever已经不用了( whomever is not used in modern English)。
OGEU也指出:use whoever for the objective case as well as the subjective, rather than whomever, which is rather stilted. (无论处于主格还是宾格位置,都用whoever而不是whomever,后者很不自然)
事实上,新版朗文词典、麦克米兰词典等已不再收录whomever;有的词典只是标明whomever=whoever。
因此,文首所引用《英语语法大全》的例句中,whomever不但可以换成whoever,而且应该换成whoever。
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