同学们在做选择题时，有时由于对句子结构没有理清，尤其是受句子中的逗号的误导而作出错误的选择。
因受逗号误导而出错的选择题
■柯选编
同学们在做选择题时，有时由于对句子结构没有理清，尤其是受句子中的逗号的误导而作出错误的选择。
1. If a book is in English,
_____ means slow progress for you.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
此题容易误选 A或B，想当然地根据空格前的逗号认为这是非限制性定语从句。这样分析的同学，主要是忽略了前一句句首的 if。其实此题应选D，逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。同样地，下面几题也应选 that，而不选 which：
(1) If he’s only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow
he is.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(2) If you want to go, _______is quite all right with me.
A. that B. which C. and it D. so
(3) When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(4) If you want a double room , _____ will cost another ￡15.
A. as B. which C.
what D. that
(5) If you have the money, _____ will be OK.
A. as B. which C. and it D. that
下例也选 that 而不选 which，其中 that 表示“那”：
Unless I’m very much mistaken, ______ is my watch you’re wearing!
A. as B. which C. what D. that
2. Not far from the school
there was a garden, _____ owner seated in it playing chess with his little
grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
此题很容易误选B，许多同学想当然地认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为它没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词（seated 和 playing），但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学会问，其中的 seated 不可用作谓语动词吗？不能。因为seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为 sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。请再看一个类似的例子：
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ translated into foreign
languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ were translated into
foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)题应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)题应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。再请看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _____ were translated into
foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _____ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _____ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D.
that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _____ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
3. _____ is known to
everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
此题很容易误选 A，认为此处应填一个形式主语，况且 It is (well)
known to …也是一个常用句型，读起来也很上口，但是选A错了。同学们仔细想想看，假若选 A，空格处填一个形式主语(it)，那么其后就应有一个真正的主语，但事实上没有。但是若句中的逗号改成 that，则只能选 A，因为这样一来，that 便成为一个引导主语从句的引导词。此题的最佳答案是 B，as 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，可置于主句前(常译为“正如”)或主句后(常译为“这一点”)，句意为“正如大家所知，月球每月绕地球转一周”。
4. He is always really rude,
______ is why people tend to avoid him.
A. that B. it C. this D. which
此题容易误选 A，因为 that’s why …是一个常用表达，同学们极易受此影响而选错，当然若此句的空格前有连词 and 或其前的逗号改为分号，则完全可选that（分别构成并列句和两个独立的简单句）。此题的最佳答案是 D，句子后半部分为一个非限制性定语从句，which 指 He is always
really rude. 另外请比较以下两题（注意连词的有无）：
(1) He had a lot of friends, none of ______ could lend him any money.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
(2) He had a lot of friends, but none of ______ could lend him any
money.
A. whom B. them C. which D. who
第(1)题选A，none of whom
could …为非限制性定语从句；第(2)题选B，由于句中有并列连词 but，整个句子为并列句。
5. He wrote a lot of novels,
none of ______ translated into a foreign language.
A. them B. which C. it D. what
同学们看了上面一题的分析后，也许会毫不犹豫地认为此题应选 B，理由是none前没有并列连词 and 或 but，其实这次又错了。此题的最佳选项应是A，注意此句与上面一句有着本质的不同，即此句的 translated 不是谓语，而是一个非谓语动词（过去分词），所以逗号后面其实不是一个完整的句子，而是一个独立结构。假若在 translated 前加一个助动词 was，则此题应选 B(which)，构成一个非限制性定语从句。所以做这类题要特别小心，千万不要想当然，更不要受定势思维的影响。又如：
(1) I met several people there, two of ______ were foreigners.
A. whom B. them C. who D. which
(2) I met several people there, two of ______ being foreigners.
A. whom B. them C. who D. which
第(1)题选A，two of whom were
foreigners 为非限制性定语从句；第(2)题选B，two of them being
foreigners 不是一个完整的句子，因为句子没有谓语，而只有非谓语动词 being。
