不定式省略to的10种情况
■柯选编
一、使役动词与to的省略
当不定式用于let, make, have等使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式必须省略to。如:
Let me have another cup of tea. 给我再来一杯茶。
She had him dig away the snow. 她让他把雪挖走。
They made him tell them everything. 他们强迫他把一切全告诉他们。
但是,当使役动词用于被动语态时,其后的不定式则必须要带to。如:
他被迫一天工作20小时。
误:He was made work twenty hours a day.
正:He was made to work twenty hours a day.
注意,表示使役意义的let和have很少用于被动语态。
另外注意,force, oblige等虽然也表示“使”,但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to。如:
They forced her to sign the paper. 他们强迫她在文件上签字。
The law obliged parents to send their children to school. 法律要求父母送子女上学。
二、感觉动词与to的省略
当不定式用于表示感觉的动词feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, look at, listen to等作宾语补足语时,不定式必须省略to。如:
We all felt the house shake. 我们都感觉这房子在震动。
I heard him go down the stairs. 我听见他下楼了。
Did you notice her leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗?
I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。
但是,当feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为to be时,则不能省略to。如:
They all felt the plan to be unwise. 他们都认为这个计划不明智。
注意,当这些动词变为被动语态时,不定式前的to不能省略。如:
They were heard to break a glass in the next door. 听见他们在隔壁打破了一个玻璃杯子。
另外,若用作宾语补足语的不定式为完成式,则通常应带 to。如:
I noticed her to have come early. 我注意到她来得很早。
三、why (not)与to的省略
在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to。如:
Why argue with him? He’ll never change his mind. 为什么要跟他争论? 他永远不会改变自己的看法。
Why not try going by boat for a change? 为什么不试着坐船去,这样也可以换换花样?
Why not wait till the winter sales to buy a new coat? 为什么不等到冬季大贱卖时再买一件新外衣呢?
四、介词except / but与to的省略
当不定式用作介词except或except的宾语时,该不定式有时带 to,有时不带 to,情形比较复杂,大致原则是:其前有do,不定式不带 to;其前没有 do,不定式通常带 to。如:
He likes nothing except to watch TV. 除了看电视外,他什么都不喜欢。
It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。
There’s little we can do except wait. 除了等待我们没有什么办法。
I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意,没有别的办法。
五、help与to的省略
当动词help后跟一个不定式用作宾语或宾语补足语时,不定式可以不带to,也可以不带to。如:
Can you help (to) carry this table upstairs? 你能帮忙把桌子搬到楼上去吗?
I have lost my watch. Will you help me (to) look for it? 我把表丢了,你能不能帮我找一下?
但是,当help用于被动语态时,其后不定式必须带to。如:
Millie was helped to overcome her fear of flying. 米利被帮助克服了她的飞行恐惧。
另外,当不定式为否定式时,其中的to通常不宜省略。如:
How can I help my children not to worry about their exams? 我怎样才能帮助我的孩子们不为他们的考试着急呢?
六、know与to的省略
不定式用于动词know之后作宾语补足语主要见于以下两类句型:
一是用于“know+宾语+to be”:当know为现在式时,其中的to不能省略;当know为过去式或完成式时,其中的to可以省略也可以保留。如:
I know him to be a fool.=I know (that) he is a fool. 我知道他是个傻瓜。
I’ve never known her (to) be late before. 我以前从不知道她迟到过。
二是用于“know+宾语+to do”:当know为现在式时,其中的to不能省略;当know为过去式或完成式时,其中的to可以省略也可以保留。如:
They know him to have been a spy. 他们知道他过去当过间谍。
I never knew him (to) do such a thing. 我从未见过他干那种事。
I’ve never known it (to) snow in July before. 我以前从未听说过七月份会下雪。
注意,在被动语态中,不定式必须带 to。如:
He has never been known to tell a lie. 从未有人听说过他说谎。
另外,当其中的不定式为完成式时,to也不可省略。如:
They knew the man to have been a thief. 他们发现此人曾是个小偷。
I have never known her to have failed. 我从来没发现她失败过。
七、bid与to的省略
当bid表示“吩咐”时,用于其后作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to也可以不带to。如:
She bade me (to) come in. 她叫我进来。
He bade me (to) do the work. 他吩咐我去做那项工作。
但是,在当bid为被动语态时,其后的不定式必须带to。如:
I was bidden to do the work. 我被嘱咐去做那项工作。
八、不定式作表语与to的省略
当不定式用作表语时,其中的to原则上是不能省略的。如:
His aim is to do two years’ work in one. 他的目标是一年干两年的工作。
This wall is to keep people out of the garden. 这堵墙为的是不让人到花园里来。
但有一种例外,那就是当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时,用作表语的不定式可以省略to。如:
What you first do is (to) mix the egg with flour. 你先得把鸡蛋和面粉和好。
All I did was (to) touch the window, and it broke. 我只不过碰了一下窗户,玻璃就碎了。
****************************试读结束,付费可阅读全文****************************
您还未登录,登录后查看完整内容
如果觉得我的文章对您有用,请随意赞赏。你的支持将鼓励我继续创作!