本文已发表在公众号“自我实现”
1. 导入
我们先来看公众号“英文悦读”对两个比较句的分析:
简而言之,被分析的比较句有二:
[1i] They were as near as early man could get to writing.
[1ii] The man drank a little more than was good for him.
[1i]被“英文悦读”分析为“出现了省略现象”,可以还原为:
[1ia] They were as near as early man could get (near) to writing.
[1ii]被“英文悦读”分析为“than后面省略了主语what”,可以还原为:
[1iia] The man drank a little more than (what) was good for him.
本文想谈谈[1i]→[1ia]和[1ii]→[1iia]这两种还原方式对不对。
友情提示:读本文前,请先参考文章:这个…than could have been produced…怎么分析?
2. "get (near) to"真的是省略现象吗?
我们通常意义上某项被“省略”是指,这一项可以出现,但是出于某些目的(例如为了简洁),不出现。也就是说,被省略的项确实是可以补全(或还原)的。举例如下:
[2i] She is taller than I.
[2ia] She is taller than I am.
[2ib] *She is taller than I am tall.
[2ia] 中的am可以出现也可以不出现,因此我们说am是可以省略的,即[2i]是[2ia]省略am的结果。但是有人会造出[2ib]这样的句子,并认为[2ib]省略"am tall"可以得到[2i]。这种说法是错误的,因为[2ib]本身就是错误的句子,“tall”根本不能出现——“tall”根本不是“可出现可不出现”的项,自然谈不上省略。而这些必须删去的项,被称为“比较对应项”,比较分句要为这些比较对应项留出空位,这种空位被称为gap。更多理论基础参考上篇文章:这个…than could have been produced…怎么分析?
在Huddleston所著的《剑桥英语语法》中,对此有论述。Huddleston把可以省略的部分标记为“omitted”,而必须删去的部分标记为“be left implicit”。
(The Cambridge Grammar of the English language. p. 1108)
显然,在[1i] They were as near as early man could get to writing.中,get后必须留出比较对应项的gap,无论如何不能看做省略,否则一旦补全,gap将被占据。实际上套用《剑桥英语语法》的理论,这个比较句是非常好解释的:
[2ii] They were x near to writing.
[2iii] Early man could get y near to writing.
在句[2ii]中,x表示they接近writing的程度;在句[2iii]中,y表示early man(的写作能力)接近writing的程度,而x约等于y。则用as替换掉x,变量y和比较对应项near均被删去,得到句[1i]。读者可参考《剑桥英语语法》中的如下例子:
(The Cambridge Grammar of the English language. p. 1116)
另外,get near to是个短语:
(Longman Language Activator )
3. "than what was good for him"为什么不对?
对于句子[1ii] The man drank a little more than was good for him.可能有两种解读方式,但无论哪一种,不可能在than和was之前补出what,因为一旦补出what,比较分句的gap就被占据。那应该如何分析这个句子?本文给出两种解读:
[3i] The man drank x much.
[3ii] y much was good for him.
[3iii] It was good for him to drink z much.
我们构造出三个句子,[3i]表示the man实际饮酒量,[3ii]和[3iii]中的y much和z much表示对该男子“有好处”的饮酒量(区别在于,[3iii]采用了外置主语it)。而x略大于y,也略大于z。
[3i]和[3ii]组合便可得到:
[3iv] The man drank more than was good for him.
[3iv]已经和[1ii]几乎相同,区别只在于[1ii]多了“a little”,这点可以从x略大于y中得出。
而[3i]和[3iii]组合可以得到:
[3iv] The man drank more than it was good for him to drink. 省略掉it和to drink也可得到:
[3iv] The man drank more than was good for him.
实际上有大量的比较分句“缺少”主语,原因不外乎两点:一是主语本身就是比较对应项,二是主语是外置的it被省略了,这点在《剑桥英语语法》中有论述:
(The Cambridge Grammar of the English language. p. 1113)
无论如何,在本文所讨论的"than was good for him"结构中,都不能认为省略了what。但这并不是说than后一定不能出现what,具体论述请看文章:这个…than could have been produced…怎么分析?
4. 思考题:你会如何纠错以下分析:
提示:找出比较对应项;
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