备考英语被动语态的常见错点归纳
错点一 用错被动语态的时态
高考英语考查被动语态考点的一条基本规律是,将被动语态与时态结合起来进行综合考查。大家知道,被动语态由“be+过去分词”构成,而体现被动语态时态的就是其中的助动词be。如:
The records will be stored on the computer’s hard disk. 记录将贮存在计算机硬盘上。(被动语态用于一般将来时)
I am pleased to advise you that your application has been accepted. 我很高兴地通知你,我们已经接受了你的申请。(被动语态用于现在完成时)
从近几年的高考英语命题情况来看,命题者在考查被动语态时,最可能涉及的时态是进行时态(现在进行时和过去进行时),对此同学们应引起高度重视。请看几个典型例句:
Women are often ashamed to admit they are being abused. 妇女对受到的侵犯常常羞于承认。
While the front door is being repaired, please use the side entrance. 前门正在维修,请走侧门。
Thinking that she was being followed, she quickened her pace. 感到被人跟踪,她加快了脚步。
Only part of the restaurant was being used, and as a result the tables were closer together than usual. 餐馆在那段时间只有部分被利用,所以,餐桌比平常摆放得拥挤。
【边学边练】
1. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house ______.
A. is being rebuilt B. has been rebuilt C. is rebuilt D. has rebuilt
2. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it ______.
A. was decorated B. had decorated C. had been decorating D. was being decorated
【答案分析】
第1题答案为A,考查被动语态用于现在进行时的用法。根据句子前半部分说的“他们暂时与父母住在一起”可知,他们自己的房子“正在被重建”。
第2题答案为D,考查被动语态用于过去进行时的用法。注意句中only to be told…的意思,它表示一种意外的结果。在正常情况下,“我们放学后去阅览室看书”,就应该可以顺利地进入阅览室,但句子后半部分说“结果被告知……”,这是一种意外的结果,因为“阅览室正在被装修”。
错点二 根据汉语意思错用被动语态
由于英语与汉语在表达习惯上的差异,有些在汉语中含有被动意味的表达,在英语中却要用主动语态来表示,尤其是那些英语中的不及物动词,尽管它们在翻译成汉语时含有被动意味,但却只能用主动语态,因为从理论上说,不及物动词没有宾语,所以若将其用于被动语态则没有相应的主语,故不能用于被动语态。例如take place(发生),happen(发生),come about(发生),break out(爆发),appear(出现),disappear(消失),last(持续)等均为不及物动词,它们都不能用于被动语态。如:
The performance of the play lasted two hours. 那部剧的演出长达两个小时。
It’s hard to understand how the accident came about. 很难理解事故是怎样发生的。
Nothing has happened here since you’ve been away. 自你离开后,这里没有发生什么事。
A man narrowly escaped death when a fire broke out in his home on Sunday morning. 周日早晨一名男子家中起火,他险些丧命。
顺便说一句,当动词catch表示某物被卡住、钩住、缠住、绊住、夹住等意思时,它也是一个不及物动词,也没有被动语态(此时其后通常接介词in或on)。如:
My coat caught in the car door. 我的衣服被车门夹住了。
a button caught in her hair. 一粒纽扣被她的头发给缠住了。
As she ran, her foot caught on something and she fell. 她跑的时候被什么绊住,于是摔了一跤。
Her ankle caught on a root, and she almost lost her balance. 她的脚踝被树根绊了一下,差点摔倒。
【边学边练】
Food supplies in the flood-stricken area ______. We must act immediately before there’s none left.
A. have run out B. are running out C. have been run out D. are being run out
【答案分析】
短语动词run out的意思是“用完”,但根据汉语的意思来理解,我们通常是说“某物被用完”,所以许多同学首先就排除了A和B这两个主动语态的选项。但殊不知,run out是不及物动词,根本没有被动语态,据此应排除C项和D项;根据后半句“我们必须在食品用完之前采取行动”排除A项,因为A项表示“已经用完”;排除三项后选择B项。根据句意看出“洪灾地区的食物供应就要用完了”,用进行时态,此进行时态表示将来。
错点三 错用动词不定式的被动式
根据英语习惯,在某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中,即使句子主语与其中的不定式为被动关系,该不定式也要用主动形式表示被动意义,而不能直接使用被动形式。这类形容词主要的有awkward, convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant等。如:
The switches are cheap to buy and easy to install. 这种开关价格便宜,安装简便。
She would be the first to admit that she is very difficult to work with. 她会很愿意承认自己难以共事。
The film was so full of commercial breaks it was impossible to enjoy. 这个电影里插播了如此多的广告,简直没法欣赏。
The mobile phone is fashionable and convenient to carry, so it is very popular with the young. 这款手机样式新颖、携带方面,深受年轻人的欢迎。
有时这类形容词不是用作表语,而是用作宾语补足语。如:
It was small but heavy enough to make it awkward to carry. 它虽然小,但很重,不便携带。
【边学边练】
This machine is very easy ______. Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A. operating B. to be operating C. to be operated D. to operate
【答案分析】
汉语说“机器容易操作”,其实指的是“机器容易被操作”,因为“操作”的执行者并非“机器”,而是人。但是,根据英语习惯,be easy 后接不定式时,若句子主语与该不定式之间为被动关系,该不定式习惯上要用主动形式表示被动意义,而不能直接使用被动形式。故答案选D。
错点四 错认为too…to…句中的不定式不能用被动式
许多书上都说,在too…to…句式中,即使句子主语与其后的不定式之间为被动关系,该不定式也只能用主动式,不能用被动式。如:
This coffee is too hot to drink. 这咖啡太烫,不能喝。
You’re getting too heavy to carry! 你重得都抱不动了!
The related publications are far too numerous to list individually. 相关出版物太多,没法一一列举。
She thought the film was too violent to show to children. 她觉得这部影片太暴力了,不适合儿童观看。
Alien had to call a taxi because the box was much too heavy to carry all the way home.爱利恩不得不叫辆出租车,因为这个箱子太重了而不能把它一路搬回家。
但事实上,在这类用法中,直接使用被动语态也是完全可能的,并且这样的用法在高考题中也出现过,如2010年的山东卷第24题:
That’s the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen. 那就是那台新机器,它的零部件小得都看不见。
需要说明的是,在某些特定结构中,其中的不定式可能用被动式更合适。如:
He was too young to be assigned such work. 他太年轻,不能分配给他那样的工作。
He is too young to be sent to America for advanced study. 他太年轻,不能送到美国去深造。
在有些特殊情况下,不定式用主动式或被动式都可以,但是意思不同。比较:
She is too ill to move. 她病得很厉害,动弹不得。
She is too ill to be moved. 她病得很厉害,经不住转移。
He is too busy to write a letter. 他太忙,没时间写信。
He is too busy to be written a letter. 他太忙,不能给他写信。
【边学边练】
The case was too heavy _______ by a child of his age.
A. to carry B. to be carried C. carrying D. being carried
【答案分析】
根据空格后的介词by可知,答案应选B。句意为:箱子太重,像他那样年龄的孩子搬不动。当然,如果句中没有by a child of his age这一短语,则答案选A项和B项都不能算错,尽管赞成选A的同学可能更多。同样地,下面这句中的to be sent也不能改成to send:
This parcel is too heavy to be sent by post. 这个包裹太重了,不能邮寄。
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