柯帕斯-高考英语真题翻译-2022-新全国卷Ⅰ-阅读理解D
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
翻译：人类的言语包含2,000多种不同的声音，从常见的m和a到一些南部非洲语言中罕见的咔嗒声。但为什么某些声音比其他声音更常见呢？一项突破性的、为期五年的研究表明，与饮食相关的人类咬合变化导致了新的语言声音，现在世界上一半的语言都有这种语音。
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
翻译：30 多年前，学者查尔斯·霍克特（Charles Hockett）就注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音（例如f和v）在吃软食的社会的语言中更为常见。现在，由瑞士苏黎世大学的达米安·布拉西（Damián Blasi）带领的一个研究团队发现了这种趋势产生的方式和原因。
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
翻译：他们发现，古代人类成年人的上下门牙是对齐的，这样产生的唇齿音很难通过下唇接触上齿而形成。后来，我们的下巴变成了覆咬合结构，这便更容易发出这样的声音。
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
翻译：研究团队的研究表明，这种咬合变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关。当时食物变得更容易咀嚼。颚骨不需要做那么多工作，所以也就没有长到那么大。
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
翻译：对语言数据库的分析还证实，新石器时代之后一些世界性语言中的声音在全球范围内发生了变化，在过去的几千年里，（唇齿音）f和v的使用显著增加。如今在许多采猎者的语言中仍然找不到这些声音。
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
翻译：该研究要推翻所有的人类语音在30万年前人类进化时就已存在的普遍观点。“我们使用的这套语音集并非从人类出现之初直到现在都一直保持没变，相反，我们今天发现的各种各样的语音其实是生物变化和文化进化等相互作用的产物。”研究团队中的成员史蒂文•莫兰说。
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety.
B. Its distribution.
C. Its quantity.
D. Its development.
32. 达米安·布拉西（Damián Blasi）的研究主要集中在人类语音的哪个方面？
A. 它的多样性。
B. 它的分布。
C. 它的数量。
D. 它的发展。
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
33. 为什么古代的成年人不容易发出唇齿音？
A. 他们的上牙比下牙少。
B. 他们不能轻易地打开和关闭他们的嘴唇。
C. 他们的颌骨长得不适合发这些音。
D. 他们的下门牙不够大。
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
34. 第5段主要讲什么？
A. 研究结果的支撑性证据。
B. 研究结果的潜在应用。
C.对研究方法的进一步说明。
D. 对研究过程的合理怀疑。
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication.
B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
35. 史蒂文·莫兰 (Steven Moran) 对人类语音的集合有何看法？
A. 这是有效沟通的关键。
B. 它对文化多样性做出了很大贡献。
C. 它是一个复杂而动态的系统。
D. 它推动了人类的进化。
答案：32—35 DCAC
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